This book is the fourth volume in the NORRAG Series in International Education and Development. The books in the series intend to generate an international debate on emerging trends in education and provide space for authors that represent diverse perspectives and knowledge communities. The book underlines the urgency, scale and complexity of the crisis of declining student learning trajectories despite significant financial investments and reform efforts and proposes systems thinking as a way of understanding the global education crisis and driving the real change that is needed to achieve SDG4.