The purposes of this investigation include updating the state of knowledge in the area of academic fraud, its forms and incidence, and expanding knowledge of ways of controlling academic malpractice. The emphasis is on school-based examinations at the upper secondary school level and the transition points to higher education and training. The main focus is on misconduct in “high stakes” external examination systems, including their preparation, administration, and scoring, and on ways of detecting and controlling misconduct. Attention is given to misconduct in the certification of the results (credentialing). This investigation also considers detection of, and protection against, plagiarism, fraudulent credentials and electronic means of fraud.
