This booklet is about reducing repetition at primary, secondary and higher education levels. It starts by reviewing the magnitude of repetition in different countries and discusses the relationship between repetition and drop out, two closely related phenomena. The author then analyses the diverse causes of repetition: some are linked to the child and family characteristics, others to the teaching/learning conditions in the school and to teachers' practices, and others to the system itself and the policy implemented. The author argues that certain countries have developed a culture of repetition, whereby it is considered normal to have high repetition. To reduce the extent of the phenomenon, systemic measures are required. The last chapter focuses on policy options and countries' experiences.
